HTML Entities

Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with character entities.

HTML Entities

Some characters are reserved in HTML.

If you use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your text, the browser might mix them with tags.

Character entities are used to display reserved characters in HTML.

A character entity looks like this:&entity_name;

OR&#entity_number;

To display a less than sign (<) we must write: &lt; or &#60;

Non-breaking Space

A commonly used entity in HTML is the non-breaking space: &nbsp;

A non-breaking space is a space that will not break into a new line.

Two words separated by a non-breaking space will stick together (not break into a new line). This is handy when breaking the words might be disruptive.

Examples:

• § 10
• 10 km/h
• 10 PM

Another common use of the non-breaking space is to prevent browsers from truncating spaces in HTML pages.

If you write 10 spaces in your text, the browser will remove 9 of them. To add real spaces to your text, you can use the &nbsp; character entity.

Some Useful HTML Character Entities

	Result	Description	Entity Name	Entity Number
		non-breaking space	 	 
	<	less than	&lt;	&#60;
	>	greater than	&gt;	&#62;
	&	ampersand	&amp;	&#38;
	“	double quotation mark	&quot;	&#34;
	‘	single quotation mark (apostrophe)	&apos;	&#39;
	¢	cent	&cent;	&#162;
	£	pound	&pound;	&#163;
	¥	yen	&yen;	&#165;
	€	euro	&euro;	&#8364;
	©	copyright	&copy;	&#169;
	®	registered trademark	&reg;	&#174;

Note: Entity names are case sensitive.

Combining Diacritical Marks

A diacritical mark is a “glyph” added to a letter.

Some diacritical marks, like grave (  ̀) and acute (  ́) are called accents.

Diacritical marks can appear both above and below a letter, inside a letter, and between two letters.

Diacritical marks can be used in combination with alphanumeric characters to produce a character that is not present in the character set (encoding) used in the page.

Here are some examples:

Mark	Character	Construct	Result
̀	a	à	à
́	a	á	á
̂	a	â	â
̃	a	ã	ã
̀	O	Ò	Ò
́	O	Ó	Ó
̂	O	Ô	Ô
̃	O	Õ	Õ

You will see more HTML symbols in the next chapter of this tutorial.