Data types in c refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted.
The types in C can be classified as follows −
| Sr.No. | Types & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Basic TypesThey are arithmetic types and are further classified into: (a) integer types and (b) floating-point types. |
| 2 | Enumerated typesThey are again arithmetic types and they are used to define variables that can only assign certain discrete integer values throughout the program. |
| 3 | The type voidThe type specifier void indicates that no value is available. |
| 4 | Derived typesThey include (a) Pointer types, (b) Array types, (c) Structure types, (d) Union types and (e) Function types. |
The array types and structure types are referred collectively as the aggregate types. The type of a function specifies the type of the function’s return value. We will see the basic types in the following section, whereas other types will be covered in the upcoming chapters.
Integer Types
The following table provides the details of standard integer types with their storage sizes and value ranges −
| Type | Storage size | Value range | Format Specifiers |
|---|---|---|---|
| char | 1 byte | -128 to 127 or 0 to 255 | %c |
| unsigned char | 1 byte | 0 to 255 | %c |
| signed char | 1 byte | -128 to 127 | %c |
| int | 2 or 4 bytes | -32,768 to 32,767 or -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 | %d |
| unsigned int | 2 or 4 bytes | 0 to 65,535 or 0 to 4,294,967,295 | %u |
| short int | 2 bytes | -32,768 to 32,767 | %hd |
| unsigned short int | 2 bytes | 0 to 65,535 | %hu |
| long int | 8 bytes or (4bytes for 32 bit OS) | -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807 | %ld |
| unsigned long int | 8 bytes | 0 to 4,294,967,295 | %lu |
| long long int | 8 bytes | -18446744073709551616 to 18446744073709551615 | %lld |
| unsigned long long int | 8 bytes | 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 | %llu |
To get the exact size of a type or a variable on a particular platform, you can use the sizeof operator. The expressions sizeof(type) yields the storage size of the object or type in bytes.
Floating-Point Types
The following table provide the details of standard floating-point types with storage sizes and value ranges and their precision −
| Type | Storage size | Value range | Format Specifiers |
|---|---|---|---|
| float | 4 byte | 1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38 | %f |
| double | 8 byte | 2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308 | %lf |
| long double | 10 byte | 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 | %Lf |
The header file float.h defines macros that allow you to use these values and other details about the binary representation of real numbers in your programs.
The void Type
The void type specifies that no value is available. It is used in three kinds of situations −
| Sr.No. | Types & Description |
|---|---|
| 1 | Function returns as voidThere are various functions in C which do not return any value or you can say they return void. A function with no return value has the return type as void. For example, void exit (int status); |
| 2 | Function arguments as voidThere are various functions in C which do not accept any parameter. A function with no parameter can accept a void. For example, int rand(void); |
| 3 | Pointers to voidA pointer of type void * represents the address of an object, but not its type. For example, a memory allocation function void *malloc( size_t size ); returns a pointer to void which can be casted to any data type. |