A file represents a sequence of bytes, regardless of it being a text file or a binary file. C programming language provides access on high level functions as well as low level (OS level) calls to handle file on your storage devices. This chapter will take you through the important calls for file management. Opening… Read More »
The C Preprocessor is not a part of the compiler, but is a separate step in the compilation process. In simple terms, a C Preprocessor is just a text substitution tool and it instructs the compiler to do required pre-processing before the actual compilation. We’ll refer to the C Preprocessor as CPP. All preprocessor commands begin with… Read More »
Most of the C or even Unix function calls return -1 or NULL in case of any error and set an error code errno. It is set as a global variable and indicates an error occurred during any function call. You can find various error codes defined in <error.h> header file. So a C programmer can… Read More »
It is possible to pass some values from the command line to your C programs when they are executed. These values are called command line arguments and many times they are important for your program especially when you want to control your program from outside instead of hard coding those values inside the code. The command line… Read More »
Introduction of Computer Programming A computer is a programmable machine. This means it can execute a programmed list of instructions and respond to new instructions that it is given. Computer Programming is the process of developing and implementing various sets of instructions to enable a computer to do a certain task. Programs are written to… Read More »
C++ is a statically typed, compiled, general-purpose, case-sensitive, free-form programming language that supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming. C++ is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, as an enhancement… Read More »
When we consider a C++ program, it can be defined as a collection of objects that communicate via invoking each other’s methods. Let us now briefly look into what a class, object, methods, and instant variables mean. Object − Objects have states and behaviors. Example: A dog has states – color, name, breed as well as… Read More »
The C++ standard libraries provide an extensive set of input/output capabilities which we will see in subsequent chapters. This chapter will discuss very basic and most common I/O operations required for C++ programming. C++ I/O occurs in streams, which are sequences of bytes. If bytes flow from a device like a keyboard, a disk drive,… Read More »
A variable is a name which is associated with a value that can be changed. For example when I write int num=20; here variable name is num which is associated with value 20, int is a data type that represents that this variable can hold integer values. We will cover the data types in the next tutorial.… Read More »
When a program is run, the CPU begins execution at the top of main(), executes some number of statements, and then terminates at the end of main(). The sequence of statements that the CPU executes is called the program’s execution path (or path, for short). Most of the programs you have seen so far have been straight-line programs.… Read More »